Knowledge library

Articles for independent inquiry.

Shorter entry points into the questions explored across THY-REALITY. Browse by field or search directly by title and description.

A Renaissance mathematical desk with geometric diagrams, measuring instruments, and circular forms in warm evening light.

Pi (π): from the circle and Archimedes to infinite decimals

Pi is the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter and one of mathematics’ most fundamental constants. The article follows its path from Egypt and Archimedes to irrationality, transcendence, infinite series, and modern myths about its digits.

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A teacher in a Jewish setting speaks with a diverse group beneath an olive tree; listeners include a child, an elder, a woman, and a Roman soldier in warm evening light.

Natural Law and the Teachings of Jesus

A comparison of where Jesus’ teachings clearly align with Natural Law, where they align only partly because the foundations differ, and where the comparison reaches its limits.

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A monk beneath a large tree looks across a river valley and mountains in golden light, evoking non-harming, interdependence, and inner discipline.

Natural Law and Buddhism

Buddhism teaches universal ethical restraints, karmic causation, and compassion for all beings. Is this a form of Natural Law—or a similar moral order grounded in a different metaphysics?

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A meditating figure beneath a tree looks across a river toward temples and mountains in golden light, evoking discipline, order, and an inward path.

Natural Law and Aṣṭāṅga Yoga

Patañjali calls the yamas a universal great vow. Is this an Indian version of Natural Law—or a significant resemblance between two distinct ethical and metaphysical systems?

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A delegate carrying the community's mandate walks toward an elevated throne while the bonds to the people behind grow thinner — symbolising the shift from bounded representation to autonomous rule.

When Does a Delegate Become a Ruler?

Delegation is often necessary, but mandate drift, information control, career incentives and difficult removal can turn a bounded representative into an autonomous centre of power.

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A multigenerational community caring together for a shared garden and local space.

Who Takes Care of the Commons?

Shared resources do not necessarily need one owner or one central manager. They need clear boundaries, fair rules, visible responsibility and people who can participate in governing them.

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What Kind of Institution Deserves Our Support?

What Kind of Institution Deserves Our Support?

It is not enough to ask whether an institution is necessary. The deeper question is what it must be like to deserve our support: just, limited, accountable, close to people, and directed toward serving the community.

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Does Fairness Create a Duty to Obey?

Does Fairness Create a Duty to Obey?

Benefiting from a common system may create a moral obligation not to live at the expense of others. But does that also create a general duty to obey authority?

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Does Consent Legitimize Authority?

Does Consent Legitimize Authority?

Consent can change the moral relationship between people. But does living in a country, using public services, voting, or failing to emigrate really amount to consent to political authority?

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Are All Rights Property Rights?

Are All Rights Property Rights?

Self-ownership powerfully explains bodily autonomy and consent, but can property really account for expression, conscience, voting, privacy and fair procedure? Are All Rights Property Rights? tests the limits of the thesis.

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“Do Not Steal” as a Concise Principle of Natural Law

“Do Not Steal” as a Concise Principle of Natural Law

“Do not steal” is a powerful moral rule, but theft already assumes an answer to what legitimately belongs to whom. “Do Not Steal” as a Concise Principle of Natural Law examines property, necessity, taxation, conscience, and the limits of the concept itself.

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The Right to Self-Defense and the State Monopoly on Force

The Right to Self-Defense and the State Monopoly on Force

Self-defense, the state monopoly on legitimate force, and institutional accountability are distinct questions. The Right to Self-Defense and the State Monopoly on Force asks when force can be justified and why authority is never a moral blank cheque.

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Force and Violence Are Not the Same Thing

Force and Violence Are Not the Same Thing

Physical force can be used to attack or to stop an attack. Force and Violence Are Not the Same Thing separates description from moral judgment and examines necessity, proportionality, purpose, and the boundary between defense and retaliation.

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A hand sets the first movement in motion across a branching network of stones and paths; some consequences follow clear chains, others split, while people, circumstances, and an unforeseen weather event intervene.

Cause and Effect: Actions Have Consequences

What we do can change the world around us and our future options, but consequences are not a cosmic system of rewards and punishments. Responsibility requires distinguishing cause, risk, foreseeability, and circumstance.

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A heavy dark burden is tied by ropes to an authority figure, a direct operator, an institutional mechanism, and a person under coercion; differing rope tensions represent differently distributed responsibility.

Does Authority Remove Personal Responsibility?

When an order-giver, an operator, an organization, and coercive circumstances all contribute to the same act, responsibility does not disappear — but it is not necessarily distributed equally.

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A person at a fork uses a flashlight to inspect the consequences of each path while a monumental hand of authority points the way.

Obey an Order or Follow Conscience?

Many systems could not function without authority. But an order cannot think in place of the person who carries it out: when is obedience reasonable, and when must moral judgment intervene?

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A tree, scales, and celestial cycles represent order, consequences, and balance in natural processes.

What Is Natural Law?

Natural law is not a law of physics, a state statute, or the claim that whatever is natural is good. Explore the tradition and how THY-REALITY uses the concept.

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